Nancy Umeh, the Nigerian chef and public scientist, recently revealed her seven-year battle with secondary infertility — a journey that ultimately led her to embrace surrogacy for her third child.

Secondary infertility is a condition that affects countless couples worldwide but often goes unspoken. Despite its prevalence, it remains a silent struggle for many.

A study reveals that 52 percent of couples in Africa struggle with secondary infertility. Another research found that the prevalence of secondary infertility is approximately equal to that of primary infertility.

What is secondary infertility?

Secondary infertility is the inability to conceive or carry a baby to term after previously giving birth without any fertility treatments. It affects men and women equally.

What causes secondary infertility?

Several factors can contribute to secondary infertility. These factors include:

• Age

Biologically, fertility is at its peak around age 20. It begins to decline at 30, and the decline speeds up after age 35.

So, age plays a role in secondary infertility. A 2018 study showed that couples experiencing secondary infertility were older than those with primary infertility.

While healthy couples in their 20s and early 30s have a 25 percent chance of getting pregnant in a cycle, that number drops precipitously when the woman is older.

According to the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, a woman’s chance of pregnancy success is less than 5% per cycle at age 40. This is because the quantity and quality of a woman’s eggs decline with age.

• Ovulation disorders

Ovulation disorders are one of the most common causes of secondary infertility. According to studies, 40% of women battling infertility do not consistently ovulate.

The problem of ovulation is caused by several reasons including:

• The most common cause, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)
• Decreased egg production related to aging
• Thyroid or other endocrine disorders that affect hormone production and
• Lifestyle factors, such as weight, nutrition, and alcohol or drug misuse
• Problems with the uterus or blocked fallopian tubes

These cause secondary infertility. If there is a blockage in the fallopian tubes, sperm and egg may not be able to meet. Blockage can be caused by surgery or pelvic infection.

The uterus may also have a structural or tissue defect that prevents implantation. Endometriosis, uterine fibroids uterus scarring (during surgery like C-section), and abnormality in the shape of the uterus are among the conditions that can affect the uterus.

• Infections

Sexually transmitted infections can cause pelvic inflammatory disease.

This can lead to scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes which ultimately leads to infertility.

• Men factors

Factors like low testosterone levels, testicular varicocele, enlarged prostate and low sperm count and mobility are some causes of secondary infertility in men.

About 30% of infertile men have a testicular varicocele. An enlargement of veins in the scrotum can cause low sperm production.

An enlarged prostate can lower sperm count and make it hard to have a normal ejaculation.

What are the symptoms of secondary infertility?

The major symptom of secondary infertility is the inability to conceive after a year of trying.

However, other symptoms are caused by other factors. They include:

• Irregular menstrual cycles

Absent or inconsistent menstruation may indicate hormonal imbalance or ovulation disorders. Meanwhile, these conditions affect the ability to conceive.

• Painful periods
• Hormonal changes like changes in weight and sexual desire, excessive hair growth, and acne.

How can secondary infertility be treated?

There are various options to improve the chances of conceiving. However, the treatment option will depend on the cause of infertility and sometimes personal preference.

Here are the treatment options available for secondary infertility:

• Medications

There are several medication options. For infection, there are drugs used to treat the infection and also improve fertility.

There are also drugs like clomiphene (Clomid) and letrozole used to stimulate hormones and help women ovulate.

• Surgery

Surgery is most recommended when there is a structural problem in the uterus or fallopian tubes.

A minimally invasive procedure called a hysteroscopy is used to treat endometriosis, clear fallopian tube blockages, or remove scar tissue, polyps, and fibroids from the uterus.

In men, surgery is most commonly used to remove varicoceles. Surgery also can fix blocked or scarred epididymis tubes that store and carry sperm.

• Advanced Reproductive Technology (ART)

The two common procedures are intrauterine insemination (IUI) and IVF.

With IUI, sperm is collected and then inserted into the uterus at the time of ovulation.

In IVF, an egg is removed from the woman’s ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory. The fertilised egg, called an embryo, is then returned to the woman’s womb to grow and develop.

The procedures have a 24% success rate, according to 2019 CDC data.

To improve the chances of getting pregnant, maintain a healthy lifestyle.

The National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) has alerted Nigerians, including healthcare providers, about Phesgo, a suspected counterfeit cancer treatment drug.

The alert on the circulation of the drug was published on the agency’s website.

NAFDAC said a doctor at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH) had raised concerns about the drug after a patient brought it in.

The agency said the product had not been administered, but it matched the characteristics of a previously reported counterfeit batch, C3809C51.

“The National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) wishes to inform healthcare providers and the public of a report of a suspected counterfeit Phesgo® 600mg/600mg/10ml, labelled with batch C5290S20,” the statement reads.

“The Marketing Authorisation Holder (MAH) Roche received a complaint from a doctor at Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH-NSIA) reporting a suspected counterfeit Phesgo® 600mg/600mg, labelled with batch C5290S20.

“The product was reported to have been brought in by a patient for administration. It had not been administered at the time of the report, as it matched the previously reported counterfeit batch: C3809C51.

“Although no sample was returned to Roche for investigation, only pictures displaying parts of a Phesgo® 600mg/600mg in a 10ml folding box and a labelled vial.

“Images of the suspected product were examined by Roche and compared to the genuine samples retained for reference.

“Although no physical sample was returned to Roche for investigation, images of parts of the product specifically, a Phesgo 600mg/600mg vial and a 10ml folding box were examined.

“The suspected product’s images were compared to genuine samples retained by Roche.

“Roche’s investigation identified several significant differences between the complaint sample and genuine materials, confirming the counterfeit status of the batch.

“These included: no batch number in the MAH database, discrepancies in language, missing basilisk, incorrect bollino date, and tampered evidence labels that did not match genuine Roche materials.”

NAFDAC added that “since no physical sample was available for chemical analysis”, the investigation was “limited to visual comparisons”.

Vivek Murthy, US surgeon-general, has called for new warning labels on alcoholic drinks that inform consumers of the increased risk of cancer.

The surgeon-general’s advisory is a public statement that calls American people to an urgent public health issue and provides recommendations.

Advisories are reserved for significant public health challenges that require the nation’s immediate awareness and action.

In the advisory published on Friday, the surgeon-general said there is extensive evidence that alcohol causes cancer in many ways.

According to the advisory, alcohol breaks down into acetaldehyde in the body, which causes cancer by binding to DNA and damaging it.

“Alcohol generates reactive oxygen species, which increase inflammation and can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids in the body through a process called oxidation,” the advisory reads.

“Alcohol alters hormone levels (including estrogen), which can play a role in the development of breast cancer.

“Carcinogens from other sources, especially particles of tobacco smoke, can dissolve in alcohol, making it easier for them to be absorbed into the body, increasing the risk for mouth and throat cancers.”

The surgeon-general said to reduce cancer risk, the US should “update the existing surgeon-general’s health warning label on alcohol-containing beverages to include a warning about the risk of cancer associated with alcohol consumption”.

He said the US should also pursue changes to label characteristics to make the warning label “more visible, prominent, and effective” in increasing awareness about cancer risks associated with alcohol consumption.

He also said the country should “reassess recommended limits for alcohol consumption to account for the latest evidence on alcohol consumption and cancer risk”.

“Strengthen and expand education efforts to increase general awareness that alcohol consumption causes cancer. Inform patients in clinical settings about the link between alcohol consumption and increased cancer risk,” he added.

“Promote the use of alcohol screening and provide brief intervention and referral to treatment as needed.”